世界热议:词根学习10：son；err；ced；vis；spect

46『SON』

SONis the Lain root meaning "sound." Sonata, meaning a piece for one or two instruments, was originally an Italian verb meaning "sounded."And sonorousmeans full, loud, or rich in sound.

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SON是Lain词根，意思是“声音”。Sonata，即奏鸣曲，指由一件独奏乐器演奏，或由一件独奏乐器和钢琴合奏的器乐套曲，最初是一个意大利语动词，意为“被听见”。sonorous意为声音饱满、响亮或丰富。

sonic/ˈsɑːnɪk/

adj.声音的;声速的

(1) Having to do with sound. (2) Having to do with the speed of sound in air (about 750 miles per hour).

(1) 与声音有关的。(2) 与空气中的声速有关(大约每小时750英里)。

A sonicdepth finder can easily determine the depth of a lake by bouncing a sound signal off the bottom.

声波测深仪可以通过从湖底反射声音信号来轻松确定湖泊的深度。

A sonicboom is an explosive sound created by a shock wave formed at the nose of an aircraft. In 1947 a plane piloted by Chuck Yeager burst the "sound barrier" and created the first sonicboom. Today sonicis often used by ambitious rock musicians to describe their experimental sounds.

音爆是由飞机机头形成的冲击波产生的爆炸声。1947年，查克·耶格尔驾驶的一架飞机打破了“音障”，创造了第一次音爆。如今，雄心勃勃的摇滚音乐家经常用声波来描述他们的实验性声音。

dissonant/'dɪsənənt/

adj.刺耳的；不谐和的；不调和的

(1) Clashing or discordant, especially in music. (2) Incompatible or disagreeing.

(1) 冲突的或不和谐的，尤指在音乐中。(2) 不相容的或令人不快的。

Critics of the health-care plan pointed to its two seemingly dissonantgoals: cost containment, which would try to control spending, and universal coverage, which could increase spending.

医疗保健计划的批评者指出了其两个看似冲突的目标：试图控制支出的成本控制和可能增加支出的全民覆盖。

Since dissonantincludes the negative prefix dis-, what is dissonantsounds or feels unresolved, unharmonic, and clashing. Early in the 20th century, composers such as Arnold Schoenberg and his students developed the use of dissonancein music as a style in itself. But to many listeners, the sounds in such music are still unbearable, and most continue to prefer music based on traditional tonality. Dissonantis now often used without referring to sound at all. Cognitive dissonance, for example, is what happens when you believe two different things that can't actually both be true.

由于不和谐包括否定前缀dis-，不和谐的是听起来或感觉起来未解决、不和谐和冲突。20世纪初，阿诺德·舍恩伯格和他的学生等作曲家发展了在音乐中使用不和谐作为一种风格。但对许多听众来说，这种音乐中的声音仍然令人难以忍受，大多数人仍然更喜欢基于传统音调的音乐。现在，“不和谐”的用法通常完全不涉及声音。例如，认知失调是指当你同时相信两件实际上不可能同时为真的事情。

resonance/ˈrezənəns/

n.洪亮;响亮;共鸣;共振;谐振;激发联想的力量;引起共鸣的力量;引起的联想(或共鸣)

(1) A continuing or echoing of sound. (2)A richness and variety in the depth and quality of sound.

(1) 声音的持续或回声。(2) 深度的丰富性和多样性，声音的质量。

The resonanceof James Earl Jones's vocal tones in such roles as Darth Vader made his voice one of the most recognizable of its time. 

詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯在达斯·维德等角色中的嗓音引起共鸣，使他的声音成为当时最知名的声音之一。

Many of the finest musical instruments possess a high degree of resonancewhich, by producing additional vibrations and echoes of the original sound, enriches and amplifies it. Violins made by the Italian masters Stradivari and Guarneri possess a quality of resonancethat later violinmakers have never precisely duplicated. And you may have noticed how a particular note will start something in a room buzzing, as one of the touching surfaces begins to resonatewith the note. Because of that, resonanceand resonate—along with the adjective resonant—aren’t always used to describe sound. For example, you may say that a novel resonatesstrongly with you because the author seems to be describing your own experiences and feelings.

许多最优秀的乐器都具有高度的共鸣，通过对原声产生额外的振动和回声，丰富和放大原声。意大利大师斯特拉迪瓦里和瓜纳里制造的小提琴具有后来小提琴家从未精确复制过的共鸣品质。你可能已经注意到，当一个特定的音符开始与音符产生共鸣时，房间里的某些东西会嗡嗡作响。正因为如此，resonance和resonate以及resonate(分别为名词、动词、形容词的“共振”)并不总是用来描述声音。例如，你可能会说一部小说能引起你的强烈共鸣，因为作者似乎在描述你自己的经历和感受。

ultrasonic/ˌʌltrəˈsɑːnɪk/

n.超声波

adj.超声的

Having a frequency higher than what can be heard by the human ear.

其频率高于人耳所能听到的频率。

My grandfather's dog is always pricking up its ears at some ultrasonicsignal, while he himself is so deaf he can't even hear a bird singing. 

我祖父的狗总是在听到超声波信号时竖起耳朵，而他自己却聋得连鸟叫声都听不见。

Ultrasound, or ultrasonography, works on the principle that sound is reflected at different speeds by tissues or substances of different densities. Ultrasound technology has been used medically since the 1940s. Sonograms, the pictures produced by ultrasound, can reveal heart defects, tumors, and gallstones; since low-power ultrasonicwaves don’t present any risks to a body, they’re most often used to display fetuses during pregnancy in order to make sure they’re healthy. Ultrasonicshas many other uses, including underwater sonar sensing. High-power ultrasonicsare so intense that they’re actually used for drilling and welding.

超声波的原理是，不同密度的组织或物质以不同的速度反射声音。自20世纪40年代以来，超声波技术一直在医学上使用。超声波产生的声像图可以显示心脏缺陷、肿瘤和胆结石；由于低功率超声波不会对身体造成任何风险，因此它们最常用于在怀孕期间显示胎儿，以确保胎儿健康。超声波还有许多其他用途，包括水下声纳传感。高功率超声波强度如此之大，以至于它们实际上被用于钻孔和焊接。

47『ERR』

ERR, from the Latin verb errare, means "to wander" or "to stray.” The root is seen in the word error, meaning a wandering or straying from what is correct or true. Erratum(plural, errata) is Latin for "mistake"; so an erratapage is a book page that lists mistakes found too late to correct before the book's publication.

ERR，来自拉丁语动词errare，意思是“徘徊”或“偏离”。词根出现在error一词中，意思是徘徊或偏离正确或真实的东西。Erratum(复数形式为errata)在拉丁语中是“错误”的意思；因此勘误表页面(errata page)是一个书页，列出了在出版前发现的太迟而无法纠正的错误。

errant/ˈerənt/

adj.漫游的,漂泊的;离开正道的,迷途的;犯错误的

n.漫游者;游侠骑士

(1) Wandering or moving about aimlessly. (2) Straying outside proper bounds, or away from an accepted pattern or standard.

(1) 漫无目的地闲逛或移动。(2) 偏离正确的界限，或偏离公认的模式或标准。

Modern-day cowboys have been known to use helicopters to spot errantcalves.

众所周知，现代牛仔会使用直升机来发现走失的小牛。

Errantmeans both "wandering" and "mistaken." A knight-errantwas a wandering knight who went about slaying dragons or rescuing damsels in distress. Arrantis a old-fashioned spelling of errant; an arrantknave (the phrase comes from Shakespeare) is an extremely untrustworthy individual. An errantsock might be one that's gotten lost; an errantpolitician might be one who's been caught cheating; and an errantcloud might be one that floats by all alone in a deep-blue sky on a summer day.

Errant既有“游荡”的意思，也有“犯错”的意思。游侠是一个四处游荡的骑士，他四处屠龙或营救遇险的少女。Arrant是一个过时的拼写错误；一个彻头彻尾的无赖(an arrant knave这个短语来自莎士比亚)是一个极其不值得信任的人。一只errant的袜子可能是丢失的；一个errant的政客可能是一个被抓到作弊的人，误入歧途；一朵飘忽不定的云可能是在夏天独自漂浮在深蓝色的天空中的云。

aberrant/æˈberənt/

adj.反常的;异常的;违反常规的

Straying or differing from the right, normal, or natural type.

偏离正确的、正常的或自然的类型的或与之不同的。

Sullivan's increasingly aberrantbehavior was leading his friends to question his mental stability.

沙利文越来越反常的行为导致他的朋友们质疑他的精神稳定性。

Something aberranthas wandered away from the usual path or form. The word is generally used in a negative way; aberrantbehavior, for example, may be a symptom of other problems. But the discovery of an aberrantvariety of a species can be exciting news to a biologist, and identifying an aberrantgene has led the way to new treatments for diseases.

一些异常的东西偏离了通常的路径或形式。这个词通常以否定的方式使用；例如，异常行为可能是其他问题的症状。但是，对生物学家来说，发现一种异常的物种可能是一个令人兴奋的消息，而识别一种异常基因为疾病的新治疗开辟了道路。

erratic/ɪˈrætɪk/

adj.不规则的;不确定的;不稳定的;不可靠的

n.漂砾;漂石

(1) Having no fixed course. (2) Lacking in consistency.

(1) 没有固定路线的。(2) 缺乏一致性。

In the 1993 World Series, the Phillies weren't helped by the erraticperformance of their ace relief pitcher, "Wild Thing." 

在1993年的世界大赛中，费城人队的王牌救援投手“Wild Thing”的不稳定表现并没有帮助他们。

Erraticcan refer to literal "wandering." A missile that loses its guidance system may follow an erraticpath, and a river with lots of twists and bends is said to have an erraticcourse. Erraticcan also mean "inconsistent" or "irregular." So a stock market that often changes direction is said to be acting erratically; an erraticheartbeat can be cause for concern; and if your car idles erraticallyit may mean that something's wrong with the spark-plug wiring.

不稳定可以指字面上的“漂移”。失去制导系统的导弹可能会沿着不稳定的路径前进，而有很多曲折的河流据说会有不稳定的路线。不稳定也可能意味着“不一致”或“不规则”。因此，一个经常改变方向的股票市场被认为是不稳定的；不稳定的心跳可能会引起担忧；如果你的车空转不稳定，这可能意味着火花塞线路出了问题。

erroneous/ɪˈroʊniəs/

adj.错误的

Mistaken, incorrect.

错误，不正确。

For years her parents had had an erroneousidea of her intelligence, because she didn’t begin to talk until the age of six.

多年来，她的父母一直对她的智力有错误的认识，因为她直到六岁才开始说话。

Erroneousbasically means "containing errors," and, since most of us are constantly suffering from mistaken notions, the word is often used in front of words such as "assumption" and "idea." It’s also used to describe the kind of mistaken information that can lead to erroneoustheories, erroneousconclusions, and erroneousdecisions.

Erroneous的基本意思是“包含错误”，由于我们大多数人都经常遭受错误观念的折磨，这个词经常被用在“假设”和“想法”等词之前。它也被用来描述可能导致错误理论、错误结论和错误决策的错误信息。

48『CED』

CEDcomes from the Latin verb cedere, meaning "to proceed" or "to yield." Proceeditself employs the root, as does recede, and their related nouns processionand recessionemploy another form of the Latin verb.

CED来自拉丁语动词cedere，意思是“进行”或“屈服”。进行(proceed)和后退(recede)都使用词根，它们的相关名词processing和depression使用该拉丁语动词cedere的另一种形式。

cede/siːd/

vt.割让;让给;转让

To give up, especially by treaty; yield.

放弃，尤指通过条约放弃；产量

Their 88-year-old father reluctantly cededcontrol over his finances to two of the children this year.

今年，他们88岁的父亲不情愿地将财务控制权交给了其中两个孩子。

Cedeis often a formal term used in discussing territory and rights, but is also used less formally. So, for example, Spain cededPuerto Rico to the U.S. in 1898, following the Spanish-American War, and the U.S. cededcontrol of the Panama Canal to Panama in 1999. Citizens of one European country or another are always worrying that their own country is cedingtoo much power to the European Union. A tennis player doesn't have any choice when she cedesher no. 1 ranking to a rival.

Cede通常是讨论领土和权利时使用的正式术语，但也不太正式。例如，西班牙在美西战争后于1898年将波多黎各割让给美国，美国于1999年将巴拿马运河的控制权割让给巴拿马。一个或另一个欧洲国家的公民总是担心自己的国家将过多的权力拱手让给欧盟。当一名网球运动员将自己的第一顺位让给对手时，她别无选择。

concede/kənˈsiːd/

v.让步;承认(某事属实、合乎逻辑等);(尤指勉强地)让与;允许

To admit grudgingly; yield.

勉强承认；让步。

To his friends, Senator Beasley concedesthat his reelection campaign was badly run and that he made several damaging errors.

比斯利参议员向他的朋友们承认，他的连任竞选进展不佳，犯了几个破坏性的错误。

After the votes have been counted, one candidate traditional concedesthe election to his or her opponent by giving a concessionspeech. If you're lucky, your boss will concedethat she was wrong the last time she criticized you. But in the middle of an argument, we're not all so good at concedingthat the other guy might have a good point.

计票结束后，一位候选人传统上会发表让步演讲，向对手认输。如果你运气好的话，你的老板会承认她上次批评你时错了。但在争论中，我们都不太善于承认对方可能有好的观点。

accede/əkˈsiːd/

v.同意(请求、建议等);就任;就职;(尤指君主)即位

(1) To give in to a request or demand. (2) To give approval or consent.

(1) 屈服于要求。(2) 给予批准或同意。

This time Congress refused to accedeto the demands of the president, and began cutting the funding for the war.

这一次，国会拒绝接受总统的要求，并开始削减战争资金。

To accedeusually means to yield, often under pressure and with some reluctance, to the needs or requests of others. Voters usually accedeto a tax increase only when they're convinced it's the only real solution to a shortfall in government funding. A patient may accedeto surgery only after the doctor assures him it's better than the alternatives. If you accedeto your spouse's plea to watch the new reality show at 9:00, you may get to choose something better at 10:00.

同意通常意味着屈服于他人的需要或要求，通常是在压力下，并带着一些不情愿。选民通常只有在确信增税是解决政府资金短缺的唯一真正办法时才同意增税。只有在医生向患者保证手术比其他手术更好后，患者才能接受手术。如果你同意配偶的请求，在9点观看新的真人秀，你可能会在10点有机会享受更好的节目。

precedent/ˈpresɪdənt/

n.先例;可援用参考的具体例子;实例;范例;先前出现的事例;前例;传统;常例;常规

adj.在前的;优先的

Something done or said that may be an example or rule to guide later acts of a similar kind.

所做或所说的事情，可能指导以后类似行为的例子或规则。

When Judy bought Christmas presents for all her relatives one year, she claimed that it set no precedent, but it did.

有一年，朱迪给所有亲戚买了圣诞礼物，她声称这并没有开创先例，但事实确实如此。

A precedentis something that precedes, or comes before. The Supreme Court relies on precedents—that is, earlier laws or decisions that provide some example or rule to guide them in the case they're actually deciding. When hostages are being held for ransom, a government may worry about setting a bad precedentif it gives in. And a company might "break with precedent" by naming a foreigner as its president for the first time.

先例是指在之前或之前发生的事情。最高法院依赖先例，即早期的法律或裁决，这些法律或裁决提供了一些例子或规则来指导他们的实际裁决。当人质被扣押勒索赎金时，如果政府让步，可能会担心开创一个糟糕的先例。而一家公司可能会“打破先例”，首次任命一名外国人担任总裁。

49『VIS』

VIScomes from a Latin verb meaning "see." Visionis what enables us to see, visualimages are visibleto our eyes, and a visitoris someone who comes to see something. The same verb actually gives us another root, vid-, as in Julius Caesar's famous statement about his military exploits. "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered"), and such common English words as video.

VIS来自拉丁语动词，意思是“看”。视觉是使我们能够看到的东西，视觉图像对我们的眼睛是可见的，访客是来看东西的人。同一个动词实际上给了我们另一个词根，vid-，就像尤利乌斯·凯撒关于他的军事功绩的著名陈述一样。“Veni，vidi，vici”(“我来，我见，我征服”)，以及视频等常见的英语单词。

vista/ˈvɪstə/

n.长条形景色;(形成长条形景色的)狭长通道;(思想等的)界域，范围;远景;景色，景观;连绵回忆;不断展望;(未来可能发生的)一系列情景，一连串事情

(1) A distant view. (2) An extensive mental view, as over a stretch of time.

(1) 远处的景色。(2) 在一段时间内广泛流行的心理观点。

The economic vistafor the next two years looks excellent, according to a poll of business economists.

一项针对商业经济学家的民意调查显示，未来两年的经济前景看起来非常乐观。

Vistais generally used today for broad sweeping views of the kind you might see from a mountaintop. But the word originally meant an avenue-like view, narrowed by a line of trees on either side. And vistahas also long been used (like view and outlook) to mean a mental scan of the future—as if you were riding down a long grand avenue and what you could see a mile or so ahead of you was where you'd be in the very near future.

如今，vista通常被用来表示从山顶上可以看到的那种全景。但这个词最初的意思是大道般的景色，两边都是一排树。长期以来，远景也被用来(像视图和展望一样)表示对未来的心理扫描，就好像你正在沿着一条漫长的大道骑行，你可以看到前方一英里左右的地方就是你在不久的将来会在哪里。

vis-à-vis/ˌviːzɑːˈviː/

adj.面对面的

adv.相对

prep.同…的矛盾

n.女友

In relation to or compared with.

与之相关或比较。

Many financial reporters worry about the loss of U.S. economic strengthvis-à-vis our principal trading partners.

许多财经记者担心，相对于我们的主要贸易伙伴，美国的经济实力会丧失。

Vis-à-viscomes from Latin by way of French, where it means literally "face-to-face." In English it was first used to mean a little horse-drawn carriage in which two people sat opposite each other. From there it acquired various other meanings, such as "dancing partner." Today it no longer refers to actual physical faces and bodies, but its modern meaning comes from the fact that things that are face-to-face can easily be compared or contrasted. So, for example, a greyhound is very tall vis-à-vis a Scottie, and the Red Sox have often fared badly vis-à-vis the Yankees.

Vis-à-vis来自拉丁语，在法语中意思是“面对面”。后又传至英语，它首先被用来指一种小马车，里面有两个人相对而坐。从那时起，它获得了各种其他含义，如“舞伴”。今天，它不再指实际的脸和身体，但它的现代含义来自于面对面的事物可以很容易地进行比较或对比的事实。因此，举例来说，灰狗相对于苏格兰人来说非常高大，而红袜队相对于洋基队来说往往表现得很糟糕。

visionary/ˈvɪʒəneri/

adj.有远见的;梦幻的;有眼力的;有创见的;有远见卓识的;耽于幻想的;(尤指)宗教异象的;神示的

n.有眼力的人;有远见卓识的人

(1) A person with foresight and imagination. (2) A dreamer whose ideas are often impractical.

(1) 有远见和想象力的人。(2) 一个梦想家，他的想法往往不切实际。

His followers regarded him as an inspired visionary; his opponents saw him as either a con man or a lunatic.

他的追随者认为他是一个富有灵感的梦想家；他的对手认为他要么是个骗子，要么是个疯子。

A visionaryis someone with a strong visionof the future. Since such visionsaren't always accurate, a visionary's ideas may either work brilliantly or fail miserably. Even so, visionaryis usually a positive word. Martin Luther King, Jr., for instance, was a visionaryin his hopes and ideas for a just society. The word is also an adjective; thus, for example, we may speak of a visionaryproject, a visionaryleader, a visionarypainter, or a visionarycompany.

有远见的人是对未来有强烈愿景的人。由于这样的愿景并不总是准确的，一个有远见的人的想法可能会成功，也可能会失败。即便如此，远见卓识通常是一个积极的词。例如，马丁·路德·金对建立一个公正社会的希望和想法是一个有远见的人。这个词也是一个形容词；因此，例如，我们可以谈论一个有远见的项目、一个有抱负的领导者、一位有远见的画家或一家有远见的公司。

envisage/ɪnˈvɪzɪdʒ/

vt.想象;设想;展望

To have a mental picture of; visualize.

脑海中浮现出；可视化。

A mere three weeks after they had started dating, the two were already arguing, and none of us could envisagethe relationship lasting for long.

在他们开始约会仅仅三周后，两人就已经在争吵了，我们谁也无法想象这段关系会持续很长时间。

One of the imagination's most valuable uses is its ability to see something in the "mind's eye"—that is, to visualize, envision, or envisagesomething. Envisaginga possibility may be one of the chief abilities that separate human beings from the other animals. What we envisagemay be physical (such as a completed piece of furniture) or nonphysical (such as finishing college). Envisaginglife with a puppy might lead us down to the pound to buy one, and envisagingthe sinking of an island nation may focus our minds on climate change.

想象力最有价值的用途之一是它能够用“心灵的眼睛”看到一些东西，也就是说，想象(visualize)、想象(envision)或设想(envisage)一些东西。设想一种可能性可能是将人类与其他动物区分开来的主要能力之一。我们设想的可能是物理的(比如一件完成的家具)，也可能是非物理的(例如完成大学学业)。想象有一只小狗的生活可能会让我们去买一只，而想象一个岛国的沉没可能会把我们的注意力集中在气候变化。

50『SPECT』

SPECTcomes from the Latin verb specere, meaning "to look at," and produces several familiar English words. Spectaclescan be glasses that you look through; but a spectaclecan also be a remarkable sight-in Roman times, perhaps a spectacularchariot race or a spectacularlybloody battle between gladiators and wild beasts, mounted for the pleasure of its spectators.

SPECT来自拉丁语动词specere，意思是“看”，产生了几个熟悉的英语单词。spectacles可以是你的眼镜；但在罗马时代，spectacle也可能是一个引人注目的景象，也许是一场壮观的战车比赛，或者是角斗士和野兽之间的血腥战斗，为了取悦观众。

aspect/ˈæspekt/

n.方面;层面;样子;外观;外表;朝向;方位;(动词的)体(如表示动作等发生一次或多次、已完成或正在进行)

(1) A part of something. (2) A certain way in which something appears or may be regarded.

(1) 某物的一部分。(2) 事物出现或可能被认为的某种方式。

Many experts believe the mental aspectof distance racing is more important than the physical aspect.

许多专家认为，长跑所需的心理素质比身体素质更重要。

Since aspectusin Latin means "looked at," an aspectof something is basically the direction from which it’s looked at. So we may say that travel is your favorite aspectof your job, or that eating well is one aspectof a healthy life. If you look at a stage set from the front, it looks completely different than from behind, where all the mechanisms are visible, and both aspectsare important. The word can be very useful when you’re analyzing something, and it’s used a great deal in the writings of scholars.

由于aspectus在拉丁语中的意思是“被看”，所以一件事的一个方面基本上就是它被看的方向。所以我们可以说旅行是你工作中最喜欢的方面，或者说吃得好是健康生活的一方面。如果你从前面看舞台布景，它看起来与后面完全不同，所有的机制都是可见的，这两个方面都很重要。当你分析某件事时，这个词可能非常有用，在学者的著作中也经常使用。

prospect/ˈprɑːspekt/

n.展望;前景;前途;可能性;希望;设想;成功的机会;(竞赛中的)有望获胜者;风景

vi.探矿;勘探

(1) The possibility that something will happen in the future. (2) An opportunity for something to happen. 

(1) 将来会发生什么事情的可能性。(2) 发生某事的机会。

There was little prospectof a breakthrough in the negotiations before the elections.

选举前的谈判几乎没有取得突破的希望。

Since the Latin prefix pro- often means "forward", prospectrefers to looking forward. The prospectof a recession may lead investors to pull their money out of the stock market. Graduates of a good law school usually have excellent prospectsfor finding employment. Prospectivestudents roam campuses with their parents in the year before they plan to enter college.

由于拉丁语前缀pro-通常意味着“向前”，所以prospect指的是向前看。经济衰退的前景可能会导致投资者将资金撤出股市。一所好的法学院的毕业生通常有很好的就业前景。准学生在计划进入大学的前一年与父母一起在校园里漫步。

perspective/pərˈspektɪv/

n.态度;观点;思考方法;客观判断力;权衡轻重的能力;透视法;景观

adj.(按照)透视画法的;透视的

(1) Point of view; the angle, direction, or standpoint from which a person looks at something. (2) The art or technique of painting or drawing a scene so that objects in it seem to have depth and distance.

(1) 观点；一个人看某事的角度、方向或立场。(2) 一种绘画或绘制场景的艺术或技巧，使其中的物体看起来有深度和距离。

From the perspectiveof the lowly soldier, the war looked very different.

从地位低下的士兵的角度来看，这场战争看起来非常不同。

To the modern mind, it's hard to believe that perspectivehad to be "discovered," but before the 1400s paintings simply lacked accurate perspective. Instead, important people and objects were simply shown larger than less important ones; and although distant objects were sometimes shown smaller than near ones, this wasn't done in a regular and accurate way. Just as odd, many paintings didn’t represent the other meaning of perspectiveeither—that is, a scene might not be shown as if it were being seen from one single place. Today, perspectiveis used much like standpoint. Just as standpoint once used to mean simply the physical place where you stand but today also means the way you "see" things as a result of who you are and what you do, the same could be said about perspective.

对于现代人来说，很难相信透视必须被“发现”，但在14世纪之前，绘画根本缺乏准确的透视。相反，重要的人和物体只是比不太重要的人更大；尽管远处的物体有时比近处的物体小，但这并不是以规则和准确的方式进行的。同样奇怪的是，许多画作也没有代表透视的另一个含义，也就是说，一个场景可能不会像从一个地方看到的那样被展示出来。今天，视角的使用与立场非常相似。正如立场曾经简单地指你所站的物理位置，但今天也指你因自己是谁和你所做的事情而“看待”事物的方式一样，视角也是如此。

prospectus/prəˈspektəs/

n.介绍说明文件;(学校的)简章，简介;(企业的)招股章程， 募股章程

A printed statement that describes something (such as a new business or a stock offering) and is sent out to people who may be interested in buying or investing.

一种印刷的声明，描述一些事情(如新企业或股票发行)，并发送给可能有兴趣购买或投资的人。

The prospectusfor the mutual fund says nothing about how its profit forecasts were calculated.

该共同基金的招股说明书没有说明其利润预测是如何计算的。

Like prospect, prospectuslooks forward. Thus, a prospectusoriginally outlined something that didn't yet exist, describing what it would become. This might even be a book; the great dictionary of Noah Webster, like that of Samuel Johnson, was first announced in the form of a prospectus, so that well-to-do people might actually subscribe to it—that is, pay for it in advance so that Webster would have money to live on while writing it. Soon, prospectuswas being used to mean a description of a private school or college, intended to attract new students. Today the word very often means a description of a stock offering or mutual fund, whether new or not.

和前景一样，招股说明书向前看。因此，招股说明书最初概述了一些还不存在的东西，描述了它将变成什么样子。这甚至可能是一本书；诺亚·韦伯斯特的大词典，就像塞缪尔·约翰逊的大词典一样，最初是以招股说明书的形式公布的，这样富裕的人就可以实际订阅它，也就是说，提前付费，这样韦伯斯特就可以在写这本词典的时候有钱生活。很快，招股说明书就被用来描述一所私立学校或学院，旨在吸引新生。如今，这个词通常意味着对股票发行或共同基金的描述，无论是新的还是非新的。

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